The Effects of War and Peace on Foreign Aid Essay Example for Free

The Effects of War and Peace on Foreign Aid Essay

Who im i? :: essays research papers

Who are you? Who I am well†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.I’m a heterosexual female. I’m 19 years old and I was born in the 20th century. For a girl like me to have a boyfriend in this days is like- ok I have a boyfriend and? But in the 20th century, 50 years ago for my grandmother was really different. She is always telling me story about her life and in one of those story she told me she got married at the age of 13. (I didn’t find that a big deal) because now a days the girls get married in my country at the age of 11 o even 10. She told me – be quiet and listen to me. – When I got married I didn’t know my husband to be. I met him the same day I was going to marry him. I said –why? My parents choose him for me and in those days in town got married in the same way. - I was still playing with my dolls! – she told me, when she was telling me that, I felt bad because I understood what she was tying to tell me, she was force to married to somebody she d idn’t know. In those days that happened very often and there is nothing you could do about it.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But I wanted to know what was all that about. My great-grand father was a very rich a powerful men and he had a lot of business everywhere and about his personality you can imaging how he was in those days. He never liked to loose but in some cases he did loose a lot of money. He got business with a man called Julian. Julian used to live very far away from my grand- father house actually in other town. I don’t know what happened between then but I know that my great-grandfather gave is own daughter in marriage to Julian. (Don’t ask me what the reason is) my great- grandfather is still mad at me because I tried to manipulate him. – I just wanted to know the whole story about his business and my grandmother. But he didn’t say a word after the manipulation thi ng. But it looks like he married his daughter with other powerful men like him and they both could handle good business together. That marriage didn’t last long because he was a cheater and even though my grand mother was young she knew somehow learn what was good and what was bad.

Dai Sijie’s book ‘Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress’ Essay

In Dai Sijie’s book, ‘Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress’, the two main characters are brought together to experience the hardships of re-education but even then they manage to stay ‘hopeful’. Dai Sijie focuses on the survival and the power of human spirit and imagination to endure of Luo and the narrator, Ma. The boys stay ‘hopeful’ by finding solutions to their problems during the re-education. Luo feels physically tired and so turns back the hands of the clock to get some extra sleep so he can get through the day. The Little Chinese Seamstress tries and cures Luo of his disease even though she doesn’t have the proper medical equipment. Four-Eyes on the other hand continues to try and impress the peasants by risking the chance of getting caught with all the banned books by leaving his door open just to display his trust in the peasants and by hiding away meat and pretending that he doesn’t eat meat to please them. The boys can be viewed as ‘hopeful’ in the ways in which they adapt to and find solutions to the hardships of re-education such as manipulating the start of the working day with the alarm clock. The boys confess a few days after getting to the mountain and carrying the buckets of shit up and down the mountain, ‘in the end we had changed the position of the hands so many times we had no idea what the time really was.’ The boys take advantage of the peasants’ ignorance of technology to cheat the village of their labor. But they are only doing this because of the harshness of re-education that led them to be this physically drained out. They were being forced to turn into cheaters but for them this wasn’t deceiving, it was merely how they believed they could bring their bodies back to normal and start adapting to the change. By saying losing track of ‘what the time really was’, Dai Sijie also symbolizes their fear of never returning to their families and leading their old lives. Besides Luo finding a solution to the hard working conditions during the re-education, the Little Chinese Seamstress found a solution to curing Luo’s malaria and stayed ‘hopeful’. Although during the time of the re-education, there were no proper medical care and due to that Luo may have suffered from malaria for a long time. On the way to the Little Chinese Seamstress’s house for the oral cinema in her town, another attack struck Luo and when they arrived at, Luo looked really sick so the Little Chinese Seamstress used a natural medicine on him and hoped that it worked. She didn’t panic and act irrationally. The remedy that used was a natural paste made of the leaves of a plant called ‘Broken-bowl-shards.’ This shows that the Seamstress believes in nature and tries her luck wherever she can. She says ‘In my opinion you can’t believe in them totally, but you can’t deny them either.’ This just proves that whethe r or not the results are going to be as desired, it is definitely worth a shot. Four-Eyes is a representation of a character who would do anything to escape re-education and his continuous tries are what make him seem ‘hopeful’ that one day he will succeed. Ever since he has been living on the mountain, he doesn’t lock the doors of his house. When the readers first hear from him about this he claims that he is ‘so anxious to demonstrate his trust in the revolutionary peasants that he never used to lock his doors.’ This just proves how desperate he is for their trust. He leaves his door unlocked even though he has a hidden suitcase of books that if found, can get him into serious troubles but he is willing to take that risk. He is also abstaining from meat. ‘He would spring to his feet, quickly hide the pan in a corner as if it were contraband, and put out a dish of marinated vegetables.’ This not only portrays his fear, but the use of the word ‘contraband’ by Dai Sijie is interesting as it brings up other suggestions. Contrabands are illegally smuggled goods and the comparison between the meat and the contraband shows how scared Four-Eyes is. To Four-Eyes, ‘eating meat struck him a crime typical of the bourgeois class to which his family belonged’ so he decided to sacrifice eating meat. Four-Eyes stops at nothing to gain his pleasures. This single-mindedness in the face of adversity (when he breaks his glasses and the boys find him trying to carry the rice sacks alone) could be viewed as a form of hopefulness. To conclude, I have to say that the boys need to be credited for having dealt with their situations so optimistically. They only had a ‘three in a thousand chance’ of returning home but even then they have stayed ‘hopeful’ through the novel and took things as they came their way. I believe that the characters’ main way of staying ‘hopeful’ is by finding solutions to the problems and hardships of their life currently during the re-education at the Phoenix Mountain. What the two boys have taken from this experience definitely has been the ability to be independent and solve situations they are faced with and most importantly learnt that success can be achieved by staying ‘hopeful’. Also the books and their passion for literature has indeed played a part in this as the books is what has kept them going for this long and they work so hard all day only knowing that later at night they have the book to go back to and relax. Their hope to keep them going through the day is the thought of knowing that this means they can go home to reading. Four-Eyes on the other hand has this obsessive pursuit of freedom and his hope is what is keeping that driving force in him going but in this battle, he has lost his temper and feels agitated as his results are not coming out positive.

An Introduction to Malaysian Courts - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2370 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? 1.0 Introduction to Malaysia Courts There is a hierarchy of courts in Malaysia which starts with the Magistrates Court as the first level, followed by the Sessions Court, High Court, Court of Appeal and the highest level of the courts is the Federal Court. A court is defined as the institution that the government sets up to settle disputes through a legal process (Reuters, 2014). The subordinate courts are Magistrates Court and Session Court whereas High Court, Court of Appeal and Federal Court are classified as the superior courts. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Introduction to Malaysian Courts" essay for you Create order The higher the courts in the hierarchy of courts will hear and decide on more serious case. There are two types of jurisdiction which are criminal and civil jurisdiction that hear and decide by the court. 2.0 Federal Court The Federal Court is the highest court and final appellate court in Malaysia. It was established in 1957 under the Article 121(2) of the Federal Constitution. The Federal Court has the three main power of the jurisdiction due to the Article 121(2) (Supardi, 2013). First, the Federal Court can hear and determine the appeals from the Court of Appeal, of the High Court, or a judge thereof. Second, the Federal Court is conferred such original or consultative jurisdiction as is specified in Article 128 and 130. Third, the Federal Court has authority such other jurisdiction as may be conferred by or under federal law. The courts which are lower than the Federal Court must follow the decision made by the Federal Court. It is located in the Palace of Justice in Putrajaya. The Federal Court is comprises of the Chief Justice, President of the Court of Appeal, Chief Judge of the High Court in Malaya, Chief Judge of the High Court in Sabah and Sarawak and other Federal Court judges (Malaysi a Factbook, 2014). The Chief Justice is the head of the judiciary who leads the Federal Court. The judges in the Federal Court were selected by the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong under the advice of the Prime Minister of Malaysia (Malaysia Factbook, 2014). Every proceeding in the Federal Court shall be heard and disposed by three judges or such greater uneven number of judges as the Chief Justice may in any particular case determine. (Mei Pheng Detta, 2009) 2.1 Criminal Jurisdiction 2.2 Civil Jurisdiction (Lawyerment, 2014) In the Section 96 of the Court of Judicature Act 1964 [Act91] stated that an appeal against the decision of the Court of Appeal may be made to Federal Court with the leave of the Federal Court. After the decision appealed against was given, the application for leave to appeal must be made to Federal Court within in a month. Such party will needs to pay the costs incurred in the prosecution of any appeal or application for leave to appeal which also included the taxes in accordance with the rules of country. The Federal Court has the authority to order a new trial of any cause tried by the High Court but the new trial will not be granted when there are two situations happened. First, the evidence was improperly rejected or admitted unless in the opinion of the Federal Court there is some substantial failure of justice has occurred. Second, if it appears to the Federal Court that the failure affects a part only of the matters or parties in controversy. A new trial ordered without interfering the findings and decisions by the lower courts. The Federal Court shall not reversed or changed the judgement of High Court or any judge on appeal or a new trial ordered by the Federal Court. An appeal does not operate without the orders from the courts below or the Federal Court and the decision appealed shall be invalidated if there is any intermediate act or proceeding. 3.0 Court of Appeal The Court of Appeal is the second highest court within the hierarchy of courts and it is also the appellant court in Malaysia (Malaysia Factbook, 2014). The Court of Appeal was established in 1994 according to the Article 121(1B) of Federal Constitution (Lawyerment, 2014). The Court of Appeal was headed by President on which the position is located after the Chief Justice of Malaysia in judicial hierarchy. The Court of Appeal is not only comprises the President of the Court of Appeal but it is also consists ten other judges. The judges are assigned by the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister. Normally, the proceedings of the court are held at the Palace of Justice in Putrajaya. However, President can also hold the proceedings at any place in Malaysia if deemed expedient (Malaysia Factbook, 2014). The judge of the Court of Appeal may also include a High Court judge if there is requirement of the President after consult with the Chief Judge of the High Court. All appeals from the High Court are registered in the Court of Appeal Registry and filled in the respective High Court (Malaysia Factbook, 2014). Criminal Panel, Commercial Panel, Civil Panel, Interlocutory Panel, Leave to Appeal Panel and Prerogative Panel are the special panels that formed to expedite the disposal of appeals (Lawyerment, 2014). 3.1 Criminal Jurisdiction 3.2 Civil Jurisdiction (Supardi, 2013) In the Section 67 of the Courts of the Judicature Act 1964 stated that the Court of Appeal will hears the appeals from the High Court relating any civil cause or matter, whether made in the exercise of its original or of its appellate jurisdiction, subject to any written law regulating the terms and conditions upon which such appeals are brought. It is the highest Court of Appeal on matters decided by the High Court in its appellate or revisionary jurisdiction. The appeal cannot be made to the Court of Appeal if the cases consist of the following condition. The conditions are the amount of claim of the cases is less than RM250,000 unless it is with the leave of the Court, the judgement made by consent of parties, the judgement relates to costs only and the judgement of the High Court is final, by virtue of any written law. 4.0 High Court High Court is located in the third level within the judicial hierarchy. High Court in Malaya and High Court in Sabah and Sarawak are the two High Courts in Malaysia which have the coordinate jurisdiction. The High Court in Malaya comprises of a Chief Judge and forty-seven judges. On the other hand, the High Court in Sabah and Sarawak consists of a Chief Judge and ten judges. High Court in Malaysia is act as the court of the jurisdiction and appellate court (Miss P.). The proceedings in High Court will be heard and disposed of before a single Judge (Lawyerment, 2014). 4.1 Criminal Jurisdiction 4.2 Civil Jurisdiction High Courts has the jurisdiction in the proceedings where the cause of action happened, the defendant or one of several defendants resides or has his place of business, the facts on which the proceedings are based exist or are alleged to have occurred and any ownership of land which is disputed is situated (Miss P.). Not only that, High Courts had specific jurisdiction in any written law which includes divorce or matrimonial cause, bankruptcy or companies, matters of admiralty, guardians of infants and keepers of the property of infants, guardians and keepers of the person and estates of idiots, mentally disordered persons and persons of unsound mind and also the grants and revocation of probates of will and testaments and letters of administration of estates of decreased persons (Miss P.). According to the Section 31 of the Courts of Judicature Act 1964, High Courts owned the revisionary jurisdiction to handle civil matters over all subordinate courts (Supardi, 2013). The funct ion of the High Court as the appellant jurisdiction is to hear appeals from the subordinate courts which include Sessions Court and Magistrates Court based on the Sections 26 and 28 of Courts of Judicature Act 1964. However, there are not all cases that can made appeal to the High Court. In the Sections 26 to 29 of the Courts of Judicature Act 1964 stated when the amount in dispute is Rm10,000 or less, High Court cannot hears appeals from the subordinate courts in any civil cases unless it involves a question of law (Supardi, 2013). 5.0 Sessions Court Sessions Court is the second level within the hierarchy of courts and it is the highest of the subordinate courts. Sessions Court is headed by the Sessions Court Judge which appointed by the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong on the recommendation of the Chief Judges respectively (Lawyerment, 2014). Sessions Court is formed to hear both civil and criminal cases. The court of the Sessions Court sits everyday except on public holidays (Malaysia Factbook, 2014). 5.1 Criminal Jurisdiction 5.2 Civil Jurisdiction (Lawyerment, 2014) According to the Section 65 of the Subordinate Courts Act 1948 [Act 92] enables Sessions Court has different aspects of jurisdiction such as unlimited jurisdiction to try all the actions of the civil matters which relating to the motor vehicle accidents, landlords and tenants and distress, jurisdiction to try all the actions of the civil matters where the amount in dispute does not exceed RM1,000,000 and also the jurisdiction to try all actions of the civil matters for the specific performance of contracts or for cancellation or rectification of instruments. However, Sessions Court does not has power in certain proceedings which involves to immovable property, accounts, declaration of decrees, issue and revocation of grants of representation of the estates of decreased persons or the administration or distribution thereof, cases where the legitimacy of any person in question, the guardianship or custody of infants is in question and also the validity or dissolution of any marria ge is in question. 6.0 Magistrates Court Magistrates Court is the first level within the hierarchy of the courts. Magistrates Court is divided into First Class Magistrates Court and Second Class Magistrates Court. The court deals with the minor civil and criminal cases and it sits everyday except on the public holidays (Lawyerment, 2014). The court is presided over by a magistrate. Magistrate for Federal Territory is assigned by the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong on the recommendation of the Chief Judge. On the other hand, magistrate for the respective states is assigned by the State Authority on the recommendation of the respective Chief Judges which are the Chief Judge of the High Court in Malaya, in the case of the Peninsular Malaysia and the Chief Judge of the High Court in Sabah and Sarawak, in the case of the East Malaysia (Malaysia Factbook, 2014). According to the Section 85 of the Subordinate Courts Act 1948 (Revised 1972) amended by the Subordinate Courts (Amendment) Act 1948, a first class magistrate has jurisdict ion to try all the crimes for which the maximum term of punishment provided by the law does not exceed ten yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ imprisonment, or all offences punishable with fine only. A second class magistrate owned jurisdiction to try all the offences for which the maximum term of imprisonment provided by law does not exceed twelve monthsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ imprisonment or offences punishable with a fine only. BOOK!!! (criminal) 6.1 Criminal Jurisdiction 6.2 Civil Jurisdiction First Class Magistrate The first class magistrate is legally qualified and has greater power. According to the Section 90 of the Subordinate Courts Act 1948 [Act 92], it has jurisdiction to hear all civil actions where the amount in dispute or the value of the subject-matter does not exceed RM100,000 (Lawyerment, 2014). It may also exercise jurisdiction in actions for the recovery of immovable property and for recovery of rent, mesne profits and damages when the money claimed does not exceed RM25,000 or where the rent payable in respect of premises does not exceed RM24,000 per year or RM2,000 per month (Mei Pheng Detta, 2009). Second Class Magistrate The presiding officer in the second class Magistrates Court is a Justice of Peace who is not legally qualified and normally appointed. The second class magistrate have the power to hear the civil cases where the plaintiff seeks to recover a debt or the liquidated demand in money payable by the defendant, with or without inter est, which does not exceed RM10,000 (Lawyerment, 2014). When the claims for the recovery of debts or liquidated demands in money, with or without interest, and not exceeding RM3,000 at the date of filing, it is decided on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Small-Claimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Courts according to the Subordinate Courts (Amendment) Rules 1987 came into force on 1 August 1987 in Peninsular Malaysia and on 1 September 1987 in Sabah and Sarawak. The court that set up was cheap and it is not allow the legal representation (Mei Pheng Detta, 2009). List of Referencing Supardi, A. (2013) Malaysia Courts. [online slides] 29th August 2013 Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/zzan659/module-2-the-court-system [Accessed 1st October 2014] Lawyerment. (2014) What are the civil jurisdictions of the High Court? What power does the High Court have? [online] 27th February 2014 Available at: https://www.lawyerment.com/library/kb/Legal_Institutions/Judiciary/1005-2.htm [Accessed 8th October 2014] Lawyerment. (2014) What are the civil jurisdictions of the Sessions Court? What power does the Sessions Court have? [online] 3rd March 2014 Available at: https://www.lawyerment.com/library/kb/Legal_Institutions/Judiciary/1004.htm [Accessed 11th October 2014] Lawyerment. (2014) What are the civil jurisdictions of the Magistrates Court? What power does the Magistrates Court have? [online] 1st March 2014 Available at: https://www.lawyerment.com/library/kb/Legal_Institutions/Judiciary/1003.htm [Accessed 18th October 2014] Lawyerme nt. (2014) What is a Court of Appeal? What are the jurisdictions of the Court of Appeal? [online] 4th March 2014 Available at: https://www.lawyerment.com/library/kb/Legal_Institutions/Judiciary/1006.htm [Accessed 7th October 2014] Lawyerment. (2014) What is Federal Court? What are the functions of the Federal Court? [online] 7th March 2014 Available at: https://www.lawyerment.com/library/kb/Legal_Institutions/Judiciary/1512.htm [Accessed 3rd October 2014] Mei Pheng, L. and Detta, I. J. (2009) Business Law. 1st ed. Shah Alam: Oxford University Press Malaysia Factbook. (2014) Court of Appeal of Malaysia. [online] 17th March 2014 Available at: https://malaysiafactbook.com/Court_of_Appeal_of_Malaysia [Accessed 7th October 2014] Malaysia Factbook. (2014) Federal Court of Malaysia. [online] 19th March 2014 Available at: https://malaysiafactbook.com/Federal_Court_of_Malaysia [Accessed 3rd October 2014] Malaysia Factbook. (2014) Magistratesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ¢â€ž ¢ Court of Malaysia. [online] 23rd March 2014 Available at: https://malaysiafactbook.com/Magistrates_Courts_of_Malaysia [Accessed 18th October 2014] Malaysia Factbook. (2014) Sessions Court of Malaysia. [online] 27th March 2014 Available at: https://malaysiafactbook.com/Sessions_Courts_of_Malaysia [Accessed 11th October 2014] Miss P. The High Courts of Malaysia. [blogspot] Available at: https://itslaw.blogspot.com/2010/09/high-courts-of-malaysia.html [Accesses 9th October 2014] Reuters, T. (2014) What is a Court? [blog] Available at: https://litigation.findlaw.com/legal-system/what-is-a-court.html [Accessed 29th September 2014]